Olfactory and Gustatory Recovery Time Evaluation of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors

  • Mohadeseh Poudineh School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
  • Amirhesam Amirbeik Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • Mohammad Dehghani Firouzabadi 1. ENT and Head & Neck Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  2. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Mahsa Hajizadeh Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
  • Farima Kahe Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
  • Sepideh Babaniamansour School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  • Amirhossein Poopak Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Niloofar Deravi Student research committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-6927
  • Mohammad Rahmanian Student research committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Hamidreza Ghasemirad Student research committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  • Mahta Malek Faculty of dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • Masoud Noroozi Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran‌
  • Mobina Fathi Student research committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Kimia Keylani School of pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Ali Dehghani Firouzabadi Mississippi State Department of Health, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
  • Ghader Dargahi Abbasabad Health Service Research, University of New Brunswick, Canada
  • Forough Yazdanian Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
  • Sara Ramezanpour Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
  • Amirmohammad Babaniamansour Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, Rehabilitation school, Iran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran
  • Faryar Zahedi Tajrishi Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  • Soheil Mohammadi School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Golnoosh Ansari Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Fatemeh Dehghani Firouzabadi Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
  • David M Yousem Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Keywords:

Olfactory Dysfunction, Smell, Taste, Gustatory Dysfunction, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Meta-Analysis, Recovery rate

Abstract

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the recovery rate and duration of these symptoms in COVID-19patients. Methods: This systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed and Google Scholar from April 1st, 2020, until October 1st, 2022, using the terms ‘‘COVID-19’’ OR ‘‘COV-2,’’ OR ‘‘Coronavirus 2’’ OR coronavirus AND ‘‘loss of smell’’ OR Anosmia OR Hyposmia OR olfaction OR ‘‘olfactory loss’’ AND ageusia OR Hypogeusia OR dysgeusia OR ‘‘gustatory loss’’ OR gustation OR ‘‘loss of taste’’. The references of included studies were also manually screened. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Results: One hundred and twenty-five studies with test-confirmed COVID-19 infection from 31 countries were included. 62 publications which reported data on loss of taste were used to estimate patients' recovery rate in 13700 COVID-19 patients. Accordingly, the time to recovery of loss of taste among COVID-19 patients ranged from 2±0.352 to 43.6 ± 28.5 days. The estimated overall pooled recovery rate of loss of taste among COVID-19 patients was 74%. The estimated overall pooled time to recover loss of taste among COVID-19 patients was 11.44 days [95% CI 8.11, 14.77(]. 90 publications which reported data on loss of smell were used to estimate patients' recovery rate in 20027 COVID-19 patients. Accordingly, the time to recover the loss of smell among COVID-19 patients ranged from 2.44±0.352 to 31.9 ± 30.7 days The estimated overall pooled recovery rate of loss of smell among COVID-19 patients was 72%. The estimated overall pooled time to recover loss of smell among COVID-19 patients was 12.87 days [95% CI)1011, 15.64(]. Conclusion: The recovery rate of loss of smell and taste among COVID-19 patients was high globally, and time to recovery of loss of smell and taste among COVID-19 patients usually was less than 2 weeks; regional differences supported the relevance of these symptoms as important markers. Health workers must consider smell and taste symptoms as suspicion indices for the empirical diagnosis of COVID-19 infection and reassure patients with their high recovery rate in a short period of time.

Author Biography

Niloofar Deravi, Student research committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Student research committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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2025-04-15

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Poudineh, M., Amirbeik, A., Firouzabadi, M. D., Hajizadeh, M., Kahe, F., Babaniamansour, S., Poopak, A., Tajrishi, F. Z., Deravi, N., Rahmanian, M., Ghasemirad, H., Malek, M., Noroozi, M., Fathi, M., Keylani, K., Firouzabadi, A. D., Abbasabad, G. D., Yazdanian, F., Ramezanpour, S., Babaniamansour, A., Tajrishi, F. Z., Mohammadi, S., Ansari, G., Firouzabadi, F. D., & Yousem, D. M. (2025). Olfactory and Gustatory Recovery Time Evaluation of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 57(1), 18. Retrieved from https://actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/2750

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Vol. 57 No. 1 (2025): Acta Medica Indonesiana

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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